Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the first part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers occur when the protective mucus lining of the stomach or intestine is compromised, allowing stomach acid to cause damage.
One of the most common symptoms of a peptic ulcer is a burning or gnawing stomach pain, often occurring between meals or at night. Some people also experience bloating, nausea, or a sensation of fullness after eating small amounts of food. While peptic ulcers are treatable, neglecting early symptoms can lead to severe complications such as internal bleeding, perforation, or even obstructions in the digestive system. Understanding their causes, symptoms, and treatments is crucial for managing and preventing this condition effectively.
At Chase Lodge Hospital, we provide expert care and guidance for diagnosing and treating peptic ulcers, ensuring our patients receive the best possible medical support.
What Causes Peptic Ulcers?
Peptic ulcers arise when the balance between digestive acids and protective mechanisms in the stomach is disrupted. Several factors contribute to their development, including:
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection
This bacterium is responsible for the majority of peptic ulcers. H. pylori weakens the stomach lining, making it more vulnerable to acid damage. - Long-Term Use of NSAIDs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen can irritate and erode the stomach lining, leading to ulcer formation.
Other potential causes include:
- Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol increases stomach acid production and weakens the stomach lining, making it more susceptible to ulcers. - Smoking
Smoking not only delays ulcer healing but also increases the risk of recurrence. - Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Rare)
This condition causes excessive stomach acid production, leading to ulcer formation.
Myths Debunked:
While stress and spicy foods can aggravate ulcer symptoms, they do not directly cause ulcers. The real culprits are bacterial infections and prolonged NSAID use.
Signs and Symptoms of Peptic Ulcers
The symptoms of peptic ulcers can vary in intensity, but common signs include:
- Burning or gnawing abdominal pain (often relieved by eating or taking antacids).
- Bloating, nausea, or vomiting.
- Heartburn or acid reflux.
Severe symptoms that indicate complications include:
- Black or tarry stools – a sign of bleeding in the digestive tract.
- Sudden, sharp abdominal pain – possibly indicating a perforated ulcer.
- Unexplained weight loss – often a sign of a more serious issue that requires medical attention.
How Are Peptic Ulcers Diagnosed?
To confirm a peptic ulcer diagnosis, doctors may recommend the following tests:
- H. pylori Testing
Blood, stool, or breath tests can detect the presence of H. pylori bacteria. - Endoscopy
A thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is used to visually inspect the stomach and duodenum for ulcers. - Barium Swallow X-ray
Although less common today, this test involves drinking a barium solution to highlight ulcers on X-ray images.
Peptic Ulcer Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but most ulcers can be effectively managed with medication and lifestyle changes.
Medication-Based Treatments:
- Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs):
These reduce stomach acid production and help ulcers heal (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole). - Antibiotics:
If H. pylori is present, a combination of antibiotics is used to eradicate the infection. - H2 Blockers:
These also reduce acid production but are less commonly used than PPIs (e.g., ranitidine).
Lifestyle Changes to Aid Healing:
- Avoid NSAIDs, alcohol, and smoking.
- Eat smaller, well-balanced meals to ease digestion.
When is Surgery Needed?
Surgical intervention is rare but may be necessary if:
- The ulcer is bleeding severely.
- The ulcer has caused a perforation.
- Medications fail to promote healing.
Complications of Untreated Peptic Ulcers
If left untreated, peptic ulcers can lead to serious health risks, including:
- Internal Bleeding:
Persistent bleeding can result in anaemia and require emergency treatment. - Perforation:
A hole in the stomach or duodenal wall can cause a life-threatening infection (peritonitis). - Gastric Outlet Obstruction:
Scar tissue from ulcers can block the passage of food, leading to vomiting and weight loss.
Prevention & Long-Term Management
To reduce the risk of developing or recurring ulcers, follow these preventive measures:
- Avoid NSAIDs whenever possible. If you need pain relief, consult a doctor about safer alternatives.
- Quit smoking and reduce alcohol intake to support stomach healing.
- Treat H. pylori infections promptly to prevent ulcers from reappearing.
- Monitor your diet. While diet alone doesn’t cause ulcers, limiting spicy, acidic, or greasy foods may help reduce discomfort.
Conclusion
Peptic ulcers are a common but manageable condition when diagnosed and treated early. Recognising the symptoms, understanding the causes, and following appropriate treatment plans can prevent severe complications. If you experience persistent stomach pain, bloating, or other symptoms, seek medical advice promptly.
At Chase Lodge Hospital, our experienced medical team is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for digestive health conditions, including peptic ulcers. We offer expert diagnosis and treatment to ensure our patients achieve the best possible outcomes.
Call to Action:
If you suspect you have an ulcer, consult a GP or gastroenterologist for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Early intervention can make a significant difference in managing and preventing serious complications.
Additional Resources:
For more information, visit the NHS Guide on Stomach Ulcers.
