Encephalitis: Understanding Brain Inflammation, Symptoms, and Treatment
Encephalitis is a severe illness which results from the inflammatory process in the brain, most frequently due to viruses. Though rare, it can be very dangerous if not quickly treated. Identifying symptoms like fever, confusion or seizures early can make an important difference in recovery.
Infections, immune-mediated or idiopathic; the etiology of encephalitis may be various but requires knowledgeable diagnosis and treatment. This guide takes a look at causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention for you to be aware and proactive about your brain health.
Causes of Encephalitis
1. Infections (most commonly viral)
The majority of encephalitis cases are brought on by viral diseases, including:
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV) – One of the most common causes of potentially serious encephalitis.
- Measles, mumps and rubella viruses – Infrequent because of routine vaccination (MMR vaccine).
- Tick-borne encephalitis and the West Nile virus are spread by mosquito and tick bites.
- Varicella-zoster virus (Chickenpox & Shingles) – The virus can cause encephalitis in rare cases.
2. Other Infections
Less commonly, an infection caused by bacteria (such as Lyme disease), a fungus, or a parasite can result in encephalitis.
3. Autoimmune and Unknown Causes
Sometimes the body’s defence system, the immune system, mistakenly attacks the brain’s own tissue, leading to autoimmune encephalitis. In the remainder of the cases, the specific cause is unknown.
Types of Encephalitis
1. Primary Encephalitis
When a virus or other agent makes direct contact with and infects the brain. This may include becoming infected with the herpes simplex virus.
2. Secondary (Post-Infectious) Encephalitis
Arises when the immune system mounts an exaggerated attack in response to a different infection in the body, mistakenly targeting brain cells. This may come after illnesses such as the flu or measles.
Symptoms of Encephalitis
Symptoms can run the gamut from mild flu-like symptoms to severe neurological maladies:
Mild Symptoms
- Fever
- Headache
- Fatigue & muscle/joint pain
Severe Symptoms
- High fever and headache that will not go away
- Nausea & vomiting
- Confused or drowsy or restless
- Seizures
- Photophobia or neck stiffness (meningism)
Symptoms in Infants & Young Children
- Constant crying
- Poor feeding
- Bulging anterior fontanelles (soft spots on the head)
- Body stiffness
If these symptoms come suddenly, seek emergency medical attention.
Diagnosis of Encephalitis
The physicians perform a number of tests which help confirm encephalitis:
- Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap) – Tests the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord for infection and inflammation.
- Brain Imaging (MRI or CT scan) – Taking images of the brain to determine swelling or anomalies.
- Blood Tests – For diagnosis of viruses or antibodies.
- EEG (Electroencephalogram) – Checks for seizure activity or other brain ranges.
Early diagnosis improves treatment success, so never ignore warning signs.
Treatment Options
Mild Cases
- Rest & hydration
- Pain relief (such as paracetamol) over the counter
Moderate Cases (Need of Hospitalisation)
- IV antivirals such as aciclovir for HSV
- Antibiotics (if infection with bacteria is suspected)
- Corticosteroids (to decrease swelling of the brain)
- Ventilator support (breathing machine, in case of respiratory distress)
Supportive Therapies
- Physical & Occupational Therapy – Restores physical abilities.
- Speech Therapy – Helps with communicating when there is a loss of mental capacity.
Possible Complications
The complications of encephalitis also include; permanent, long-term problems, such as:
Short-Term
- Memory problems
- Behavioural changes
- Seizures
Long-Term
- Chronic fatigue
- Problems speaking & moving
- Rarely, coma or death
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Recovery depends on:
- The severity of inflammation
- The patient’s age and general health
Many patients require:
- Long-term therapies (physical, occupational, or speech)
- Standard visits to the neurologist
- Family & caregiver support
Prevention Tips
1. Vaccinations
- MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
- Risks: Japanese Encephalitis (for travellers to high-risk areas)
2. Avoid Mosquito & Tick Bites
- Use insect repellent
- In high-risk areas, long sleeves or long pants can protect these areas.
3. General Hygiene
- Wash hands frequently
- Do not be in close contact with anyone who has the virus.
When to Seek Immediate Medical Help
Go to A&E or call 111 if you or a loved one experiences:
- Sudden changes in confusion or personality
- Loss of consciousness
- Convulsions (especially in patients who have never experienced convulsions before)
- Severe headache with fever
Conclusion
Encephalitis is a neurological emergency requiring prompt intervention. Early recognition of symptoms and consultation with a specialist can be life-saving and can prevent long-term damage.
If you suspect encephalitis, see a neurologist or infectious disease doctor right away. Chase Lodge Hospital provides state-of-the-art diagnosis and treatments to help patients during their recuperation.
Don’t ignore the signs—early intervention is key.
📞 Book a neurological consultation today to discuss any concerns.
